ICOM
Ethics Committee : Restructuring of ICOM Code of Ethics 
ICOM
Ethics Committee : Restructuring of ICOM Code of Ethics
DISCUSSION DOCUMENT ONLY - ENGLISH VERSION (12 August 2003)
ICOM Ethics Committee
Restructuring of ICOM Code of Ethics
All members of ICOM are
invited to send comments or suggestions on this document by 30 October 2003.
They should be sent to the Chair of the Ethics Committee by e-mail to geoffrey.lewis@icom.museum
or by post to 4 Orchard Close, Wolvey, Hinckley, England LE10 3LR
NB Figures in square brackets
[ ] refer to the paragraph in the current ICOM Code of Ethics from which
the new paragraph is derived.
The Code of Ethics currently in force is available on the ICOM website,
http://icom.museum/ethics.html
ICOM
CODE OF ETHICS FOR MUSEUMS
Under preparation for General Assembly, 2004
PREAMBLE
Status of the Code of
Ethics for Museums
This Code of Ethics for Museums has been prepared by the International
Council of Museums. It is the statement of professional ethics referred to in
the ICOM Statutes. It applies to any institution or person eligible for
membership of ICOM because of their responsibility for an aspect of the cultural
and natural heritage. Membership of ICOM and the payment of the annual subscription
to ICOM is an affirmation of this Code of Ethics.
A Minimum Standard for
Museums
This Code represents a minimum standard for museums. In certain countries minimum
standards are defined by law or government regulation. In others, guidance on
and assessment of minimum standards may be available in the form of 'Accreditation',
'Registration' or similar evaluative schemes. Where such standards are not defined
locally, guidance can be obtained through the National Committee of ICOM, the
appropriate International Committee of ICOM, or the ICOM Secretariat.
Sections
2. Museum collections are held in trust for the benefit of society and its development.
3. Museums hold primary evidence for establishing and furthering knowledge.
5. Museum resources provide opportunities for other public services and benefits.
1. Museums preserve, interpret and promote the natural and cultural inheritance of humanity.
Principle: Museums are responsible for the tangible and intangible natural and cultural heritage. Governing bodies and those concerned with the strategic direction and oversight of museums have a primary responsibility to protect and promote such heritage and the physical environment as well as the human and financial resources made available for that purpose. They should respect the diversity of the natural and cultural heritage
INSTITUTIONAL STANDING
1.1 Enabling documentation
The governing body has the responsibility to ensure that the museum has a written
constitution, statute or other public document, which is in accordance with
national laws. This enabling documentation should clearly state its legal status,
mission, permanence, and non-profit nature.
1.2 Statement of the
Mission, Objectives, and Policies
The governing body should prepare and publicise a statement of the mission,
objectives, and policies of the museum and of the role and composition of the
governing body. These should guide the museum in its mission.[2.2]
PHYSICAL RESOURCES
1.3 Premises
The governing body has an obligation to provide premises with a suitable environment
for the museum to fulfil its basic functions including collection, research,
storage, conservation, education, and display. [2.4]
1.4 Access
The governing body should ensure that the museum is available to all during
reasonable hours and for regular periods. Particular regard should be given
to those with special needs. [2.8]
1.5 Health and Safety
The governing body should ensure that institutional standards of health, safety,
and accessibility apply to its personnel and visitors. [2.4]
1.6 Protection Against
Disasters
The governing body should develop and maintain policies to protect the public
and personnel, the collections and other resources, against natural and man-made
disasters.
1.7 Security Requirements
The governing body should ensure the best possible security to protect collections
against theft or damage in displays, exhibitions, working or storage areas,
and while in transit. [2.4; 6.2]
1.8 Insurance & Indemnity
Where commercial insurance is used for collections, the governing body should
ensure that the cover is adequate and includes objects in transit or on loan
and other items currently the responsibility of the museum. When an indemnity
scheme is in use, it is necessary that material not in the ownership of the
museum is adequately covered. [6.2]
FINANCE
1.9 Funding
It is the responsibility of the governing body to provide sufficient funds to
carry out and develop the activities of the museum. All funds must be accounted
for in a professional manner. [2.3]
1.10 Income-generating
Policy
The governing body should have a clear policy for its income generating activities,
whether through trading or support from corporate or private sources. This policy
should be clearly defined in relation to the purpose of the museum and the use
of its collections. This must not compromise the standards of the institution
or its public (See 6.6). [2.11]
PERSONNEL
1.11 Employment Policy
The governing body should ensure that all action concerning personnel is taken
in accordance with the policies of the museum as well as the proper and legal
procedures. [2.5]
1.12 Appointment of the
Director or Head
The director or head of the museum is a key post and when making an appointment,
governing bodies should have regard for the knowledge and skills required to
fill the post effectively. Intellectual ability and professional knowledge are
not in themselves sufficient to work in the museum profession but must be inspired
by a high standard of ethical conduct. [2.5/5.1]
1.13 Access to Governing
Bodies
The director or head of a museum should be directly responsible, and have direct
access, to the relevant governing bodies. [2.5]
1.14 Competence of Museum
Personnel
Wherever possible qualified personnel should be appointed to ensure that the
necessary expertise is available to meet all responsibilities (See also 8.12).
[2.5]
1.15 Training of Personnel
Adequate opportunities for the continuing education and professional development
of all museum personnel should be arranged in order to maintain an effective
workforce. [2.5]
1.16 Ethical Conflict
The governing body should never require museum personnel to act in a way that
could be considered to conflict with the provisions of this ICOM Code of
Ethics, or any national law or specialist code of ethics. [2.5]
1.17 Museum Personnel
and Volunteers
The governing body should have a clear policy on volunteer work which promotes
a positive relationship between volunteers and members of the museum profession.
[2.6]
1.18 Volunteers and Ethics
The governing body should ensure that volunteers, when conducting museum and
personal activities, are fully conversant with the ICOM Code of Ethics
and other applicable codes and laws. [8.2]
2. Museum collections are held in trust for the benefit of society and its development.
Principle: Museums have the duty to preserve and promote their collections as a contribution to safeguarding the natural and cultural heritage. Their collections are a significant public inheritance, have a special position in law and are protected by international legislation. Inherent in this public trust is the notion of stewardship that includes rightful ownership, permanence, documentation, accessibility and responsible disposal.
ACQUIRING COLLECTIONS
2.1 Collections Policy
The governing body for each museum should adopt and publish a written collections
policy that addresses the acquisition, care and use of collections. The policy
should include a statement justifying the acquisition of any material that cannot
be catalogued, conserved, stored, or exhibited properly. [3.1/6.1]
2.2 Valid Title
No object or specimen should be acquired by purchase, gift, loan, bequest, or
exchange unless the acquiring museum is satisfied that a valid title to it can
be obtained. Evidence of lawful ownership in a country is not necessarily valid
title. [3.2]
2.3 Provenance and Due
Diligence
Every effort must be made before acquisition to ensure that any object or specimen
offered for purchase, gift, loan, bequest, or exchange has not been illegally
obtained in or exported from, its country of origin or any intermediate country
in which it might have been owned legally (including the museum's own country).
Due diligence in this regard should establish the full history of the item from
discovery or production. [3.2]
2.4 Materials Gained
by Unauthorised or Unscientific Fieldwork
Museums should not acquire objects where there is reasonable cause to believe
that their recovery involved the unauthorised, unscientific, or intentional
destruction or damage of monuments, archaeological or geological sites, or species
and natural habitats, or involved a failure to disclose the finds to the owner
or occupier of the land, or to the proper legal or governmental authorities.
[3.2]
2.5 Acquisition by Members
of the Governing Body and Museum Personnel
Special care is required in considering any item, either for sale or as a tax-benefit
gift, from members of governing bodies, museum personnel, or the families and
close associates of these persons. [4.3]
2.6 Illegally Obtained
Biological or Geological Materials
Museums should not acquire, directly or indirectly, biological or geological
material that has been collected, sold, or otherwise transferred in contravention
of local, national, regional or international wildlife protection or natural
history conservation law, or treaty. [3.2]
2.7 Repositories of Last
Resort
Nothing in this Code of Ethics should prevent a museum from acting as
an authorised repository for unprovenanced, illicitly collected or recovered
specimens and objects from the territory over which it has legal jurisdiction.
2.8 Living Collections
When the collections include live botanical and zoological specimens, special
considerations should be made for the natural and social environment from which
they are derived as well as and local, national, regional or international wildlife
protection or natural history conservation law, or treaty. [4.1]
2.9 Working Collections
The collections policy may include special considerations where the emphasis
is on preserving processes rather than the objects themselves. [4.1]
2.10 Acquisition Outside
Collections Policy
The acquisition of objects or specimens outside the museum's stated policy should
only be made in exceptional circumstances. The governing body should consider
the professional opinions available to them, and the views of all interested
parties. Consideration will include the significance of the object or specimen
including its context in the cultural or natural heritage, and the special interests
of other museums collecting such material. However, even in these circumstances,
objects without a valid title should not be acquired (see also 3.4). [3.2]
REMOVING COLLECTIONS
2.11 Legal or Other Powers
of Disposal
Where the museum has legal powers permitting disposals, or has acquired objects
subject to conditions of disposal, the legal or other requirements and procedures
must be complied with fully. When the original acquisition was subject to mandatory
restrictions these must be observed unless it can be shown clearly that adherence
to such restrictions is impossible or substantially detrimental to the institution.
[4.2]
2.12 Deaccessioning from
Museum Collections
The removal of an object or specimen from a museum collection is a major decision.
It must only be undertaken with a full understanding of the significance of
the item, its character (whether renewable or non-renewable), the legal standing
of the item and the museum and any loss of public trust that might result from
such action. The decision to deaccession should be the responsibility of the
governing body acting in conjunction with the director of the museum and the
curator of the collection concerned.
2.13 Disposal of Objects
Removed from the Collections
Deaccessioned material from the collections should be offered first by exchange,
gift, or private treaty sale to other museums before sale by public auction
or other means are considered. [4.3]
2.14 Income from Disposal
of Collections
Museum collections are held in public trust and may not be treated as a realisable
asset. Money or compensation received from the de-accessioning and disposal
of objects and specimens from a museum collection should be used solely for
the benefit of the collection and normally for acquisitions to that collection.
[2.3; 4.3]
2.15 Purchase of Deaccessioned
Collections
Museum personnel, the governing body, or their families or close associates,
should not be permitted to purchase objects that have been deaccessioned from
a collection. [4.3]
2.16 Recording Deaccession
Decisions
Complete records must be kept of all deaccessioning decisions, the objects involved,
and the arrangements made to safeguard the documentation relating to the object.
[4.3]
CARE OF COLLECTIONS
2.17 Collection Continuity
The policy of the museum should be to ensure that the collections (both permanent
and temporary) and their associated information are passed on to future generations
in as good and safe a condition as practicable, having regard to current knowledge
and resources. [6.2]
2.18 Delegation of Collection
Responsibility
Professional responsibilities involving the care of the collections should not
be delegated to persons who lack the appropriate knowledge and skill or who
are inadequately supervised (see also 8.12). [6.2]
2.19 Documentation of
Collections
Museum collections should be documented according to accepted professional standards.
This should include a full identification and description of each item, its
associations, provenance, condition, treatment and present location. Such data
should be kept in a secure environment and be supported with retrieval systems
providing access to the data by the museum personnel and other legitimate users.
[6.4]
2.20 Protection Against
Disasters
Careful attention should be given to the development of policies to protect
the collections during armed conflict and other man-made and natural disasters
[6.2]
2.21 Security of Collection
and Associated Data
When collection data are made available to the public, particular control must
be exercised to avoid disclosing sensitive personal or related information and
other confidential matters. [6.4]
2.22 Preventive Conservation
Preventive conservation is an important element in museum risk management. It
is a essential responsibility of members of the museum profession to create
and maintain a protective environment for the collections in their care, whether
in store, on display or in transit. [6.3]
2.23 Collection Conservation
and Restoration
The condition of an object or specimen may require conservation-restoration
work and the services of a qualified conservator-restorer. The principal goal
should be to stabilise the object or specimen and, if possible and required,
to return it to its historic, scientific and aesthetic significance in its natural
or cultural context.. All conservation procedures should be documented and reversible.
All added materials and physical modification should be clearly identifiable
from the original object or specimen. [6.3]
2.24 Welfare of Live
Animals
For museums and related institutions that maintain living animals, the health
and well being of any such creatures must be a basic ethical consideration.
The museum should prepare and implement a safety code for the protection of
their personnel and visitors, as well as the animals, that has been approved
by an expert in the veterinary field. Genetic modification should be clearly
identifiable. [6.5]
2.25 Personal Use of
Museum Collections
Museum personnel, the governing body, their families, close associates, or others
should not be permitted to expropriate items from the museum collections, even
temporarily, for any personal use. [see 4.3]
3. Museums hold primary evidence for establishing and furthering knowledge.
Principle: Museums have particular responsibilities to the academic community for the care, accessibility and interpretation of primary evidence collected and held in their collections.
PRIMARY EVIDENCE
3.1 Collections as Primary
Evidence.
The collections policy of the Museum should indicate clearly the significance
of collections as primary evidence. [new]
3.2. Availability of
Collections
Museums have a particular responsibility for making collections and all relevant
information available to the academic and scientific community as freely as
possible, having regard to restraints arising for reasons of confidentiality
and security. [2.8]
MUSEUM COLLECTING & RESEARCH
3.3 Field Collecting
Museums undertaking field collecting should develop policies consistent with
academic standards and applicable national and international laws and treaty
obligations. Fieldwork should be undertaken taking into account the views of
local communities as well as efforts to enhance the cultural and natural heritage.
[3.3]
3.4 Exceptional Collecting
of Primary Evidence
In very exceptional cases an item without provenance may have an inherently
outstanding contribution to knowledge that it would be in the public interest
to preserve. The acceptance of such an item into a museum collection should
be the subject of a decision by specialists in the discipline concerned and
without national or international prejudice. [3.2]
3.5 Research
Research by museum personnel to establish provenance or for interpretation,
publication, and other suitable purposes, should relate to the museum's mission
and objectives and conform to established legal, ethical and academic practices.
[8.2]
3.6 Destructive Analysis
When destructive analytical techniques are undertaken for the advancement of
knowledge and that process leads to the loss of part of a specimen or object,
a complete record of the material analysed, the outcome of the analysis, and
the resulting research, including publications, should become a part of the
permanent record of the object. [4.1]
3.7 Human Remains and
Material of Sacred Significance
Research on human remains and materials of sacred significance must be accomplished
in a manner consistent with the interests and beliefs of the community, ethnic
or religious groups from whom the objects originated. [6.6]
3.8 Retention of Rights
to Research Materials
When museum personnel prepare material for presentation or to document field
investigation as part of their duties, the sponsoring museum retains all rights
to the work, unless there is an agreement to the contrary. [8.3]
3.9 Shared Expertise
Members of the museum profession have an obligation to share their knowledge
and experience with colleagues, scholars and students in relevant fields. They
should respect and acknowledge those from whom they have learned and should
pass on such advancements in techniques and experience that may be of benefit
to others without thought of personal gain. [8.2]
3.10 Co-operation Between
Museums
Museum personnel should acknowledge and endorse the need for co-operation and
consultation between institutions with similar interests and collecting practices.
[3.4]
4. Museums provide opportunities for the appreciation, understanding and promotion of the natural and cultural heritage.
Principle: Museums have an important duty to develop their educational role and attract wider audiences from the community, locality, or group they serve. Interaction with the constituent community is an integral part of the educational role of the museum. [2.7]
DISPLAY & EXHIBITION
4.1 Displays, Exhibitions
and Special Activities
Permanent displays and temporary exhibitions should be in accordance with the
stated mission, policy and purpose of the museum. They should not compromise
either the quality or the proper care of the collections. [2.9]
4.2 Interpretation of
Exhibits
Museums should ensure that the information they present in displays and exhibitions
is accurate, honest, objective, and well founded academically. [2.9]
4.3 Exhibition of Sensitive
Materials
Human remains and materials of sacred significance must be displayed in a manner
consistent with professional standards and the interests and beliefs of members
of the community, ethnic or religious groups from whom the objects originated.
They must be presented with great tact and respect for the feelings of human
dignity held by all peoples. [6.6]
4.4 Removal from Public
Display
Requests for removal from public display of human remains or material of sacred
significance must be addressed expeditiously with respect and sensitivity. Requests
for the return of such material should be addressed similarly. Museum policies
should clearly define the process for responding to such requests. [6.6]
4.5 Display of Unprovenanced
Material
Museums should be aware that the display of material without provenance may
be seen to condone the illicit trade in cultural property. [2.9]
OTHER RESOURCES
4.6 Publication
Information published by museums, by whatever means, should be accurate, honest,
objective, and well founded academically. [2.9]
4.7 Reproductions
When replicas, reproductions, or copies of items in a museum's collection are
made, for whatever purpose, they must respect the integrity of the original
and be permanently marked as facsimiles. [2.11]
5. Museum resources provide opportunities for other public services and benefits.
Principle: Museums use a wide variety of specialisms, skills and physical resources which have a far wider application than in the museum. This may lead to shared resources or the provision of services as an extension of the museum's activities. They should be organised in such a way that they do not compromise the museums stated mission.
IDENTIFICATION SERVICES
5.1 Identification of
Illegally or Illicitly Acquired Objects
Where museums provide an identification service, objects that are believed or
suspected to have been illegally or illicitly acquired, transferred, imported
or exported should not be identified or authenticated. Museums should not act
in any way that could be regarded as benefiting such activity, directly or indirectly.
Where there is reason to believe, or suspect, illegal or illicit conduct, the
appropriate authorities should be notified. [8.6]
5.2 Authentication and
Valuation (Appraisal)
Valuations may be made for the purposes of insurance of museums collections.
Opinions on the monetary value of other objects should only be given on official
request, from other museums, or competent legal, governmental or other responsible
public authorities. However, when the museum may be the beneficiary, appraisal
of an object or specimen must be undertaken independently. [8.6]
6. Museums work in close collaboration with the communities from which their collections originate as well as those they serve.
Principle: Museum collections reflect the cultural and natural heritage of the communities from which they have been derived. As such they have a character beyond that of ordinary property. Because of this, strong affinities may develop associated with national, regional or local identity. It is important that museum policy is responsive to this in a professional manner.
ORIGIN OF COLLECTIONS
6.1 Cooperation
Museums should promote the sharing of knowledge, documentation and collections
with museums in the countries and communities of origin. The possibility of
developing partnerships with museums in countries or areas that have lost a
significant part of their cultural or natural heritage should be explored.
6.2 Return of Cultural
Property
Museums should be prepared to initiate dialogues for the return of cultural
property to a country or people of origin. This should be undertaken in an impartial
manner, based on scientific, professional and humanitarian principles (in preference
to action at a governmental or political level).
6.3 Return and Restitution
of Cultural Property
When a country or people of origin seek the return or restitution of an object
or specimen that can be demonstrated to have been exported or otherwise transferred
in violation of the principles of international and national conventions, and
shown to be part of that country's or people's cultural or natural heritage,
the museum concerned should, if legally free to do so, take prompt and responsible
steps to co-operate in its return. The Conventions listed in paragraph 7.2 provide
the principles on which museums should approach the return and restitution of
cultural property. [4.4]
6.4 Cultural Objects
From an Occupied Country
Museums should abstain from purchasing or acquiring cultural objects from an
occupied territory and respect fully the terms of the Convention for the Protection
of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (The Hague Convention, First
Protocol, 1954 and Second Protocol, 1999). [4.2]
RESPECT FOR COMMUNITIES SERVED
6.5 Living Communities
Where museum activities involve a living community or its heritage, acquisitions
should only be made based on informed and mutual consent without exploitation
of the owner or informants. Respect for the wishes of the community involved
should be paramount.
6.6 Funding of Community
Facilities.
When seeking funds for museum activities the interests of living communities
should not be compromised. (see 1.10) [2.10/3.3]
6.7 Use of Community
Collections
The use of community collections requires respect for human dignity and the
traditions and cultures that used them. (see 4.3) [6.3]
6.8 Supporting Organisations
in the Community
It is the institution's responsibility to create a favourable environment for
community support (eg Friends of Museums and other supporting organisations),
recognise its contribution and promote a harmonious relationship between the
community and the museum personnel. [2.6]
7. Museums operate in a legal manner.
Principle: Museums must conform fully to all legal obligations, whether in relation to international, regional, national, or local legislation and treaty obligations. In addition, the governing body should comply with any legally binding trusts or conditions relating to any aspect of the museum, its collections and operations. [2.12]
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
7.1 National and Local
Legislation.
Museums should conform to all national and local laws. [2.12]
7.2 International Legislation
Museum policy should acknowledge the following international legislation which
is taken as a standard in interpreting the ICOM Code of Ethics:
UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (The Hague Convention, First Protocol, 1954 and Second Protocol, 1999);
UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970);
UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen and Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (1995);
UNESCO Convention on the protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001);
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Washington, 1973);
UN Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992
8. Museums operate in a professional manner.
Principle: Members of the museum profession should observe accepted standards and laws and uphold the dignity and honour of their profession. They should safeguard the public against illegal or unethical professional conduct. Every opportunity should be used to inform and educate the public about the aims, purposes, and aspirations of the profession to develop a better public understanding of the contributions of museums to society. [7.1]
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
8.1 Familiarity with
Relevant Legislation
Every member of the museum profession should be conversant with relevant international,
national and local legislation and the conditions of their employment. They
should avoid situations that could be construed as improper conduct.
8.2 Professional Responsibility
Members of the museum profession have an obligation to follow the policies and
procedures of their employing institution. However, they may properly object
to practices that are perceived to be damaging to a museum or the profession
and matters of professional ethics. [5.1]
8.3 Professional Conduct
Loyalty to colleagues and to the employing museum is an important professional
responsibility and must be based on allegiance to fundamental ethical principles
applicable to the profession as a whole. They should comply with the terms of
the ICOM Code of Ethics and be aware of any other codes or policies relevant
to museum work. [5.2]
8.4 Academic and Scientific
Responsibilities
Museum personnel are responsible for and must promote the preservation of the
raw materials of knowledge inherent in the collections. They should actively
prevent any activity involving the loss of academic and scientific information.
[3.2]
8.5 The Illicit Market
It is highly unethical for museum personnel to support the illicit market in
any way directly or indirectly.
8.6 Confidentiality
Members of the museum profession must protect confidential information obtained
during their work. In addition, information about items brought to the museum
for identification is confidential and should not be published or passed to
any other institution or person without specific authorisation from the owner.
[7.3]
8.7 Museum Security
Arrangements Information about the security arrangements of the museum or of
private collections and locations visited during official duties must be held
in strict confidence by museum personnel. [7.3]
8.8 Exception to the
Obligation for Confidentiality
Confidentiality is subject to a legal obligation to assist the police or other
proper authorities in investigating possible stolen, illicitly acquired, or
illegally transferred property. [7.3]
8.9 Personal Independence
While members of a profession are entitled to a measure of personal independence,
they must realise that no private business or professional interest can be wholly
separated from their employing institution. [5.3]
8.10 Professional Relationships
Members of the museums profession form working relationships with numerous other
persons within and outside the museum in which they are employed. They are expected
to render their professional services to others efficiently and to a high standard.
[8.2]
8.11 Professional Consultation
It is a professional responsibility to consult other colleagues within or outside
the museum when the expertise available is insufficient in the museum to ensure
good decision-making. [8.2]
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
8.12 Gifts, Favours,
Loans, or Other Personal Benefits
Museum employees must not accept gifts, favours, loans, or other personal benefits
that may be offered to them in connection with their duties for the museum.
Occasionally professional courtesy may include the giving and receiving of gifts
but this should always take place in the name of the institution concerned.
[5.3/8.5]
8.13 Outside Employment
or Business Interests
The director and other senior personnel should not undertake other paid employment
or accept outside commissions that are in conflict with the interests of the
museum. [8.5]
8.14 Dealing in Natural
or Cultural Heritage
Members of the museum profession should not participate directly or indirectly
in dealing (buying or selling for profit), in the natural or cultural heritage.
[8.4]
8.15 Interaction with
Dealers
Museum professionals should not accept any gift, hospitality, or any form of
reward from a dealer, auctioneer, or other person as an inducement to purchase
or dispose of museum items, or to take or refrain from taking official action.
Furthermore, a museum professional should not recommend a particular dealer,
auctioneer, or appraiser to a member of the public. [8.7]
8.16 Private Collecting
Members of the museum profession should not compete with their institution either
in the acquisition of objects or in any personal collecting activity. An agreement
between the museum professional and the governing body concerning any private
collecting must be formulated and scrupulously followed. [6.7]
8.17 Use of the Name
and Logo of ICOM
Members of ICOM may not use of the words "International Council of Museums",
"ICOM" or its logo to promote or endorse any for-profit operation or product.
[9.2]
8.18 Other Conflicts
of Interest
Should any other conflict of interest develop between an individual and the
museum, the interests of the museum should prevail. [3.7]
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